What does hyperextension refer to?

Hyperextension refers specifically to the extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion. This movement occurs when the angle between the bones forming the joint increases beyond what is typically considered to be the anatomical limit. For example, when the elbow is straightened past its usual straight position, it is experiencing hyperextension.

Understanding hyperextension is crucial in the context of sports medicine, as it can significantly impact joint stability and lead to injuries, such as sprains or tears in ligaments. It's essential for athletes and trainers to recognize movements that may cause hyperextension to prevent such injuries, particularly in joints that are more prone to strain, like knees and elbows.

In this case, the other options do not accurately describe hyperextension; they either refer to other types of joint movements or describe normal functioning without indicating the surpassing of the typical range of motion that is characteristic of hyperextension.